Kilometers = km
Jon is most often the shortened name for the proper name Jonathan. However, it can be a shortened name for some other proper names including John and Jonas.
The girl's name with the shortened form Tina is typically Christina.
Christopher Katherine shortened to Kitty shortened to Kit
Scotland can't be abbreviated, But the name of the Scottish people can be shortened to Scots.
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bang
Allfie.
Yes, a shortened version of your name is called a nickname. An example of a nickname for the name Jessica is Jess. There is also a pet name which doesn't have to be a shortened version of your name. A pet name can be a nickname like Jess or it can be something like "kitty" for the name Olivia.
Sure, why not?
Prose
It is Rio.
No, the scientific name of an organism is composed of two parts - the genus name and the species name. These names are standardized and cannot be shortened or abbreviated in an official capacity.