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In classical thought, the four elements Earth, Water, Air, and Fire frequently occur; sometimes including a fifth element or quintessence (after "quint" meaning "fifth") called Aether in ancient Greece and India. The concept of the five elements formed a basis of analysis in both Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, particularly in an esoteric context, the four states-of-matter describe matter, and a fifth element describes that which was beyond the material world. Similar lists existed in ancient China and Japan. In Buddhism the four great elements, to which two others are sometimes added, are not viewed as substances, but as categories of sensory experience.

Modern science recognizes classes of elementary particles which have no substructure (or rather, particles that aren't made of other particles) and composite particles having substructure (particles made of other particles). The Standard Model of quantum mechanics defines three classes of elementary subatomic particles: quarks and leptons (matter-like particles) and gauge bosons (energy-like force carriers). Quarks are divided into six types: up, down, top, bottom, strange and charm; and leptons are similarly divided into six types: electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tau and tau neutrino. The types of force carriers include: photon, W and Z boson, gluon and some quantification of a Higgs boson.

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Related Questions

What is different about the ancient and modern definition of elements?

In ancient times the elements meant : water, fire, earth, and air. However the modern definition of elements is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler substance.


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Both arrange elements in groups of elements having similar properties.


How is mendeleev periodic table similar to the modern periodic table?

Both arrange elements in groups of elements having similar properties.


What is similar about modern and ancient definition of elements?

In ancient times, the four (or five, depending if you were in Europe or Asia) elements, fire, water, earth, and air (In Asia, it was fire, water, air, wood, and metal) were thought to make up all things. In modern day, elements are still though to compose all matter, but we know that there's a lot more than just four or five (and that none of the classic elements were actually elements, except for metal, which could be an element. Most classical elements are what we now call compounds)


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