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Artificial intelligence (AI)
cognitive
The modern day artificial intelligence is believed to have been started when the first computer was created in the 1940's. But many philosophers have come up with ideas which suggested that humans can be emulated by machanical machines. So the application has been around since the 1940's and 50's but the ideas and failed attempts can be traced back to ancient Egypt and places like that.
An artificial sweetener is a sugar substitute, a food additive which attempts to duplicate the effect of sugar in taste but with fewer calories.
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No. In fact there have not been any serious assassination attempts to my knowledge.
False
The first actual robot was created in 1961 by Joseph F. Engelberger. It was called the Ternstedt Die-caster and basically dropped car parts made from molten steel into a cooling liquid. The word "robot" is first credited to the acclaimed Czech playwright Karel Capek (1890-1938), from the Czech word for forced labor or serf, in his writings in 1920. However, the concept of "mechanical men" has been around since the mid 1800s. The word "robotics" was first used in Runaround, a short story published in 1942, by Isaac Asimov (born Jan. 2, 1920, died Apr. 6, 1992). I, Robot, a collection of several of these stories, was published in 1950.
An expert system is software that attempts to reproduce the performance of one or more human experts, most commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a traditional application and/or subfield of artificial intelligence. A wide variety of methods can be used to simulate the performance of the expert however common to most or all are 1) the creation of a so-called "knowledgebase" which uses some knowledge representation formalism to capture the subject matter experts (SME) knowledge and 2) a process of gathering that knowledge from the SME and codifying it according to the formalism, which is called knowledge engineering. Expert systems may or may not have learning components but a third common element is that once the system is developed it is proven by being placed in the same real world problem solving situation as the human SME, typically as an aid to human workers or a supplement to some information system.
Counterintelligence focuses on identifying and neutralizing threats to national security posed by foreign intelligence services or other entities seeking to gather intelligence. Counterespionage specifically targets detecting and countering espionage activities, which involve spying, sabotage, or other harmful activities conducted by foreign intelligence agencies. In essence, counterespionage is a subset of counterintelligence.
Through the evolutionary biology which attempts to explain events and processes that have already taken place.
Biotechnology can be thought of as the large scale use of biological processes for the benefit of mankind.Biotechnology attempts to up-scale laboratory scale processes to come out with products and processes like better medicines and better crops.There are two major application of biotechnology:AgriculturePharmaceutical