vertical movements
The stimulus in the pupil reflex would be light
The term for an involuntary reaction to an external stimulus is a reflex.
Involuntary actions are movements or processes that occur automatically without conscious control, such as heartbeat or digestion. Reflex actions are quick, automatic responses to a stimulus that involve a specific neural pathway, like withdrawing your hand from a hot stove.
A reflex
Yes
classical conditioning
The stimulus is what triggers the reflex response.
The stimulus is detected by temperature or pain receptors in the skin. These generate impulses in sensory neurons. The impulses enter the CNS ( Central nervous system ) through a part of the spinal nerve called the Dorsal root.
A reflex
"reflex"
A reflex is an involuntary response to an external stimulus, usually to protect the body. A reflex is much faster...
A pathological reflex is an unexpected/abnormal response to stimulus. For instance, a positive babinski reflex is a pathological reflex.