Well....Seeing how this happened to me a month ago I'll give you a heads up. Worst case you could've bent a connecting rod (Hydraulic Lock-Up), or maybe sucked enough water (mists of water) through the air intake to thin out the oil to a point where you spun a bearing, or you even could've bent a valve. BUT... Driving through puddles isn't a big deal. Calling roadside assistants from the middle of a river is.
Reduced braking ability
Yes it can
No
It often leads to splashing dirty water on nearby pedestrians.
Not that I know of but have a mechanic check to see if there is a stick or something caught behind a wheel.
Your spark plug wires are probibly wet where they get contact with the plugs so just dry them off
Only other massive internal damage inside the brake drum could cause this. They do tend to wear out due to contaminated fluid or the vehicle being driven through deep puddles and contaminating the cylinder's.
Flashing engine light on virually any vehicle almost always points to at least 1 cylinder misfiring. It usually is a P0300 - multiple random cylinder misfire code...but I've seen cases with a P0301 through P0308 (cylinder 1-8 misfire...or through 12 if you're lucky enough to have 12 cylinders lol).
There is a shield that prevents water from getting on the PS belt. It is missing or damaged. Also check to see if the belt is properly tensioned.
The purpose of an earth strap is to ground the vehicle. Most vehicles have a negative earth, which is bolted to the chassis of the vehicle, not left dangling to drag through puddles.
Check your engine timing, it may be too slow.
Some of the water evaporates, and some of it drains away through the soil.