This should not damage the laptop at all, they are designed to be turned on at any time. (Unless of course the battery is dead.)
No
No
No, charging your tablet device while working or using it does not damage it. However, excessive charging of your electronics can impact your battery life.
No. This will not damage your phone and will in fact make it charge faster.
It is a good thing to disconnect the negative battery cable when charging, so no damage can occur to the car's computers.
No damage. As the vehicle's charging system charges the battery the water turns to acid. No worries.
NO your car will run hot and seriously damage your motor, it will also keep from charging your battery. Suggest you take your car to a mechanic for repairs.
Your charging system is not working. It could be the Alternator or the regulator or both. It's not a good idea to test the charging system by removing a battery cable while engine is running, this can damage the charging system.
Can You Charge...Yes. As a matter of fact, in order to charge a battery, the charging voltage HAS to be greater than the charged battery's voltage or no current will flow and charging cannot happen.Of course, the charging voltage cannot be excessive, or damage to the battery being charged will result.In your question, 4.6 volts is not excessive for a 4.2 volt battery.
no, not at all i always keep mine plugged in
it doesn't matter.
Yes it will damage your battery if you reverse the cables. There is an article on Wikipedia about it at this link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechargeable_battery.