Utility patents are available for "any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof," provided they meet the other statutory requirements.
A plant patent may be available for an inventor who "asexually reproduces any distinct and new variety of plant, including cultivated sports, mutants, hybrids, and newly found seedlings, other than a tuber propagated plant or a plant found in an uncultivated state," with limitations.
A design patent may cover "any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture."
Yes; it may also be possible to patent.
Words are not eligible for patent protection. There are more than 100 registered trademarks including the word "giggle," however.
No, you cannot patent a theory or philosophy. Patents are granted for inventions that are new, useful, and non-obvious. Theories and philosophies are considered abstract ideas and are not eligible for patent protection.
MONEY!
There are two kinds of search that people refer to as a patent search. 1. A search for patents and patent applications that might protect parts of something that you want to make/do. You'd do this kind of patent search if you wanted to know whether you'd infringe someone else's patent if you made/did that something. 2. A search for prior information that might show that an invention is not patentable. You'd do this kind of search if you wanted to know whether you could get a patent for an invention, or if you wanted to know whether someone else's patent is valid. The more usual meaning is number 1.
There are no requirements to prove anything to get a patent. Under US law, there is a constitutional right to have a patent that properly claims a qualifying invention. The patent office must prove that the application or the invention does not qualify under one or more laws or rules if it wants to reject an application for a patent.
In US patent practice, the terms you're using, "full patent" and "mechanical patent," don't have any meaning. The United States Patent and Trademark Office grants three types of non-provisional patents: design patents, plant patents, and utility patents. They protect different things; one doesn't "override" the other.
what are some things invented in 1992
You can neither patent nor copyright a name. Under current US copyright law names, titles, slogans, logos , mottoes, and common words/phrases are not eligible for copyright protection. Under certain circumstances however they can be registered as trademarks.
no
A sufficiently innovative piece of furniture may be eligible for a patent, which would offer greater protection.
Patent, kind of, except your analogy is turned around. Copyright protects literature, and patent protects inventions. Thus: copyright:literature::patent:invention OR literature:copyright::invention:patent