Definitely PVC
Pvc pipes are cheaper. They are easier to join. They last longer.
I can't imagine the plumber only giving 1 year on the PVC. Cast iron is rough on the inside and those rought spots can snag paper, lint, etc, eventually leading to blockage. PVC should last much longer and be less susceptible to blockages from material getting caught on the inside wall of the pipes. Also, PVC doesn't rust, while cast iron will. All-in-all, I'd have to vote for the PVC (make sure that it is at least Schedule 40 PVC).
The best way to connect a cast iron pipe to a PVC pipe using a cast iron to PVC adapter is to first clean and prepare the ends of both pipes, then apply a suitable adhesive or sealant to the adapter and securely attach it to both pipes according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Yes, but PVC creates problems
Galvanized steel is better for plumbing in a bathroom sink. It lasts a lot longer than PVC.
To connect PVC to cast iron pipes, you can use a rubber coupling with stainless steel clamps. Make sure the pipes are clean and dry before attaching the coupling. Tighten the clamps securely to create a watertight seal between the PVC and cast iron pipes.
You don't, you remove the plastic junk and replace the toxic plasatic with cast iron
No PVC is acceptable, you can join the new PVC piping into the existing Cast Iron.
No hub coupling
These days PVC pipes are faster and easier to fit and in many ways more efficient than cast iron.
Only if you have leaks or problems.
There are rubber adapter couplings sold to adapt PVC to Cast Iron. "Fernco" in one brand sold in the U.S.