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Different things. If it an unpressurized airplane, you don't want to be flying much higher than 12,000 ft MSL without supplementary oxygen.
Mainly though, a typical combustion, normally aspirated / carbeurated engine can't force enough oxygen through it's system to produce the combustion power (rpms) necessary to keep climbing much above 12,000ft msl.
If your airplane is turbo charged, then it uses an exhaust powered turbine to force more oxygen through the fuel system which enables it to keep climbing even though the air gets thinner at higher altitudes.
'
In a nutshell, It's generally an oxygen/density altitude limiting factor for the type of engine. That's my best stab at it.
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