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It is very hard to say. One would need to know when you are asking and whether you mean largest land base or largest number of people. The most important and largest during the period from the British colones until their forced removal in the 1830s by Andrew Jackson, were the the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. They and many others were the descendents of the larger Mississippian culture.
At the time of the Trail of Tears and the Indian removal Act the populations of the Creek, Choctaw and Cherokee were roughly about the same: around 19,000 to 22,000 in each group. The Choctaw gave up the largest amount of land: 11,000,000 acres. The white population of the 24 States of the US was 10 million in 1830, about 40% in the South. If any person or company has or has gained any wealth from land in the American South it is because of this forced and illegal (according to the Supreme Court) removal of the Native People of the Southeast.
If the Cherokee had been allowed to stay they would be the largest today at 316,049. The Choctaw today are 160,000. and the Creek are 71,000. However if they had kept thier native lands they would be much more wealthy and not have suffered so much since 1830 so they would have a even larger population.
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