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What ordinarily infects plant by injecting some of its genetic material into a cell and using the cell to create its food?
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When human immunodeficiency virus HIV attaches to a host cell what genetic material is released into the cell's cytoplasm?
Within the HIV capsid is the genetic material RNA along with two reverse transcriptase enzymes to copy the RNA into DNA inside the invaded cell.
How did Hersey and chase help build our understanding of genetics?
They used E. coli or Escherichia coli in their experiments
What are two phases of virus activity?
The two phases of virus activity are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the virus infects the host cell, replicates its genetic material, and then leads to the destruction of the host cell, releasing new virus particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant for a period of time before switching to the lytic cycle.
A virus that infects bacteria?
A virus that infects bacteria is called a bacteriophage
How do bacteria exchange genetic information with each other?
Genetic exchanges among bacteria occur by several mechanisms. In transformation, the recipient bacterium takes up extracellular donor DNA. In transduction, donor DNA packaged in a bacteriophage infects the recipient bacterium. In conjugation, the donor bacterium transfers DNA to the recipient by mating.
When a virus infects a bacterium what does the virus inject into the cell?
It's genetic material and some enzymes sometimes which hijack the bacteria into making more viruses.
When human immunodeficiency virus HIV attaches to a host cell what genetic material is released into the cell's cytoplasm?
Within the HIV capsid is the genetic material RNA along with two reverse transcriptase enzymes to copy the RNA into DNA inside the invaded cell.
What are two bacteria's that exchange genetic material?
Genetic exchanges among bacteria occur by several mechanisms. In transformation, the recipient bacterium takes up extracellular donor DNA. In transduction, donor DNA packaged in a bacteriophage infects the recipient bacterium. In conjugation, the donor bacterium transfers DNA to the recipient by mating.
How does the hiv virus mutate?
As with all viruses and living things, random errors occur when HIV replicates its genetic material during reproduction. Changes in the genetic material then change characteristics of the virus, which may help or harm it depending on its environment. HIV is particularly prone to mutation because it is a retrovirus, meaning it carries its genetic material as RNA and reverse transcribes it into DNA when it infects a cell. Reverse transcription has a higher rate of mutation than ordinary DNA or RNA replication.
How did Hersey and chase help build our understanding of genetics?
They used E. coli or Escherichia coli in their experiments
What are two phases of virus activity?
The two phases of virus activity are the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the virus infects the host cell, replicates its genetic material, and then leads to the destruction of the host cell, releasing new virus particles. In the lysogenic cycle, the virus integrates its genetic material into the host cell's DNA and remains dormant for a period of time before switching to the lytic cycle.
What were the results of Hershey and chase's experiment?
The Hershey-Chase experiments were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, confirming that DNA was the genetic material, which had first been demonstrated in the 1944 Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, most assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance.Hershey and Chase conducted their experiments on the T2 phage, a virus whose structure had recently been shown by electron microscopy.The phage consists only of a protein shell containing its genetic material. The phage infects a bacterium by attaching to its outer membrane and injecting its genetic material, causing the bacterium's genetic machinery to produce more viruses, leaving its empty shell attached to the bacterium.Structural overview of T2 phageIn a first experiment, they labeled the DNA of phages with radioactive Phosphorus-32 (the element phosphorus is present in DNA but not present in any of the 20 amino acids from which proteins are made). They allowed the phages to infect E. coli, then removed the protein shells from the infected cells with a blender and separated the cells and viral coats by using a centrifuge. They found that the radioactive tracer was visible only in the pellet of bacterial cells and not in the supernatant containing the protein shells.In a second experiment, they labeled the phages with radioactive Sulfur-35 (Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, but not in DNA). After separation, the radioactive tracer then was found in the protein shells, but not in the infected bacteria, supporting the hypothesis that the genetic material which infects the bacteria is DNA.Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his "discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses."
What does the t4 virus look like?
The t4 virus has a many-sided head containing heridity material. Just below the head is the tail which the heridity material passes through.
What do you call a virus that infects plants?
A virus that infects plants is called is viroid.
What is a virus that infects bacteria?
Bacteriophage is a type of virus that infects a bacteria.
What do a virus and a living cell have in common?
Viruses cannot reproduce. They use a living cell to replicate themselves. When a virus infects a living cell, it injects its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the cell. The virus' genetic material takes control of the cell and turns it into a virus factory. The cell does nothing but manufacture and assemble virus parts until eventually the cell ruptures and the new viruses erupt and go on to infect more cells.
What was the goal of the Hershey-Chase experiment?
- A series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirming that DNA was the genetic material in cells - The experiment was conducted using T2 phage; a virus that infects bacteria. They do so by attaching to the surface of a bacterium and injecting its genetic material into the bacteria. The structure had recently been elucidated by electron microscopy. - The 1st experiment- Phage DNA was labeled with radioactive 32P. Phosphorous is an important component of DNA which is not found in Amino Acids; protein building blocks. - The phages were allowed to infect E.coli bacteria and through a series of elegant experiments they were able to observe transfer of labeled phage DNA into the cytoplasm of the bacteria. - In the second experiment, they labeled phages with radioactive Sulfur 35 which is found in amino acids cysteine and Methionine. After infection of E.coli, they sheared off the phage protein shells from the infected cells using high speed blender and centrifugation to separate. - After centrifugation, the radioactive sulfur was found in the protein portion confirming the hypothesis that the genetic information transferred was DNA and not protein
