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A pedagogical term for any form of writing that conveys information and explains ideas: exposition
to determent past climates
Marine sediment is useful in studying past climates because the coral and similar things give clues to scientists.
pudding
tectonic plates
True
Both are correct. 'He walked by me' is more colloquial, and also conveys more possible meanings, than 'he walked past me'.
yes
As already intimated, our knowledge of palaeometeorology, or of past climates, is derivable chiefly from fossils.
Anamnesis helps to establish ethos, since it conveys the idea that the speaker is knowledgeable of the received wisdom from the past.
If my memory serves correctly, "was running" is in the imperfect tense, because it conveys the idea of an action in the past that (at the time of interest) was not yet completed (on ongoing process in the past).