What parts help control the airplane?

Answer 1

The pilot.

There are a few parts that help the pilot do that job. Alerions are on each wing which help the pilot with the "yaw" of the plane. This is the position of the plane relative to the longitudinal axis of the plane. Twisting the control to the right "twists" the plane on this axis until the control is returned to the neutral position. It adds a horizontal component to lift when you use this control, so the plane also wants to turn into the direction of that twist.

The elevators are controls on the back of the plane. Unlike the ailerons which oppose each other, these surfaces work together. This surfaces controls the movement of the "lateral" axis. This axis goes through the wings of the plane. Pulling back on the control causes the elevator surface to point upwards. The plane will then start an increasing angle to travel. The angle will become more severe until the control wheel is returned to normal. To stop climbing at this angle, forward pressure would need to be applied to make the elevator control surfaces point downward.

The final surface that controls position is the rudder. This surface controls the turning about the vertical axis. Stepping on a rudder pedal will make this single piece of control surface move and turn the plane in the direction of the control surface movement.

Turning an airplane with only this surface would give passengers a very uncomfortable turn. A feeling of sliding on a slippery road would be a similar feeling to this turn. To compensate for this issue, the pilot will bank the plane into the direction of the turn and then apply a very small amount of rudder to turn at the desired rate.

There are many other surfaces on the wings that assist in controlling aircraft. They include trim tabs, to reduce the effort a pilot has to apply against the controls for normal (level) flight. Other surfaces on the plane may include flaps, to increase lift and drag, spoilers to reduce speed (increase drag without lift) and monitoring equipment to determine weather conditions and airspeed of a plane.

The biggest difference between flying an airplane and driving a car is that planes will remain in the movement desired until opposite control is applied. A car will need the driver to enter a turn and hold the wheel in that turn until you wish to go straight again. A plane will enter a turn and you release that deflection of surface to maintain the turn. Once in a stable turn, the plane will remain in the turn until you ask the plane to leave the turn with opposite force. Should you decide to hold a control surface on a plane in a particular position, the event will become more severe until you relieve that pressure.