What pope's speech started the crusades?

What modern European country did Charlemagne conquer? In the early 20th century American culture was affected by radio and the movies because? What is a outliner? Which author was the most widely cited authority on monstrous peoples during the 16th century? Did European rulers able to decide whether their countries would be catholic or protestant after the Thirty Years' War? Settlers were required to before moving westward.? What were the greatest challengespeople in Europefaced after the death of Charlemagne in 814? What is schwerpunkt? Who invented the bar stool? What is the definition of the word decended? The most common way for European slave traders to find slaves in Africa? Where did thomas crapper live? Which is Chinese calender? How many years have passed since the hegira in 622 AD? How much did it cost to build the roman pantheon? What factors led to the first civilizations? What does this word civilizations means? What was the Infamous roman empire? How did historians reconstruct the past? The British forcing Muslim and Hindu soldiers to handle cow and pig fat shows that the Indian citizens lacked?

What pope's speech started the crusades?