A free-rider problem.
Non-excludability
A free-rider problem.
A free rider problem
Excludability
No
Public goods can best be described as services provided by the government to benefit all citizens.
Common goods are resources that are available to everyone in a community, such as clean air or water. Public goods, on the other hand, are goods or services provided by the government for the benefit of all citizens, like public parks or national defense. Common goods can be depleted if overused, while public goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning they are available to all and using them does not diminish their availability to others. Common goods and public goods impact society differently by influencing resource management, economic development, and social welfare.
Public folder
What to produce?There are two aspects of this problem--- firstly, which goods should be produced, and secondly, what should be the quantities of the goods that are to be produced. The first problem relates to the goods which are to be produced. In other words, what goods should be produced? An economy wants many things but all these cannot be produced with the available resources.Therefore, an economy has to choose what goods should be produced and what goods should not be. In other words, whether consumer goods should be produced or producer goods or whether general goods should be produced or capital goods or whether civil goods should be produced or defense goods. The second problem is what should be the quantities of the goods that are to be produced.Production of goods depends upon the use of resources. Hence, this problem is the problem of allocation of resources. If we allocate more resources for the production of one commodity, the re­sources for the production of other commodities would be less.
What to produce?There are two aspects of this problem--- firstly, which goods should be produced, and secondly, what should be the quantities of the goods that are to be produced. The first problem relates to the goods which are to be produced. In other words, what goods should be produced? An economy wants many things but all these cannot be produced with the available resources.Therefore, an economy has to choose what goods should be produced and what goods should not be. In other words, whether consumer goods should be produced or producer goods or whether general goods should be produced or capital goods or whether civil goods should be produced or defense goods. The second problem is what should be the quantities of the goods that are to be produced.Production of goods depends upon the use of resources. Hence, this problem is the problem of allocation of resources. If we allocate more resources for the production of one commodity, the re­sources for the production of other commodities would be less.
The nation's government choose which public goods and services to produce because its a command market which allow the government to make all the choices.
Its failure to assign the costs of public goods to all consumers.
The government needs to provide public goods because these goods are non-excludable and non-rivalrous, meaning that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from their use, and one person's use does not diminish the availability for others. This leads to market failure, where private markets may underprovide or not provide these goods at all, such as national defense, public parks, and street lighting. By providing public goods, the government ensures equitable access and promotes overall societal welfare. Additionally, government provision can help stimulate economic activity and address externalities associated with public goods.