Excludability
A free-rider problem.
A free rider problem
having no backbone
A nail or hoof or claw are common to all mammals and are a shared evolutionary trait.
A free-rider problem.Non-excludability
No
all of the above
The offspring will all inherit one copy of the dominant allele (from the heterozygous parent) and one copy of the recessive allele (from the homozygous recessive parent). This results in all offspring being heterozygous for the trait.
recessive trait only appear when an individual is homozygous recessive, both alleles must code for the recessive trait
A trait shared by at least two and perhaps more taxa and devolving on common ancestry is synapomorphy. A homologous trait is quite similar. The forelimbs of all tetrapods are devolved from common ancestry and would be traits shared by many taxa and homologous traits. Cladists use the word synapomorphy more to show closer relationships. Pliesiomorphy is the word cladists use to show more ancient relationships.
A characteristic typically shared by all organisms in a group is known as a synapomorphy, which is a derived trait that reflects a common ancestry. These homologous structures can include specific anatomical features, genetic sequences, or developmental patterns that have evolved over time. For example, the presence of vertebrae in all vertebrates is a synapomorphic trait that unites this diverse group of animals. Such shared characteristics help scientists classify and understand evolutionary relationships among different organisms.
All the offspring will be heterozygous with a phenotype showing the dominant trait. Let the alleles be H (dominant) and h (recessive). All the gametes from the first individual will be H, and from the other, h. Thus all the offspring must be Hh.