Excludability
A free-rider problem.
A free rider problem
A key trait shared by public goods is non-excludability, meaning that once they are provided, no one can be effectively excluded from using them. Additionally, public goods are characterized by non-rivalry, where one person's use of the good does not diminish its availability for others. Examples include clean air, national defense, and public parks, which benefit all members of society without direct competition for their use.
having no backbone
A nail or hoof or claw are common to all mammals and are a shared evolutionary trait.
A free-rider problem.Non-excludability
No
No, elasticity is not shared by all individual goods; it varies depending on factors such as the availability of substitutes, necessity versus luxury status, and consumer preferences. For example, essential goods like bread tend to have inelastic demand, meaning consumers will continue to purchase them despite price increases. In contrast, luxury items, like designer handbags, often have more elastic demand, where price changes significantly impact consumer purchasing behavior. Thus, elasticity is specific to each good and its market context.
all of the above
The offspring will all inherit one copy of the dominant allele (from the heterozygous parent) and one copy of the recessive allele (from the homozygous recessive parent). This results in all offspring being heterozygous for the trait.
recessive trait only appear when an individual is homozygous recessive, both alleles must code for the recessive trait
A trait shared by at least two and perhaps more taxa and devolving on common ancestry is synapomorphy. A homologous trait is quite similar. The forelimbs of all tetrapods are devolved from common ancestry and would be traits shared by many taxa and homologous traits. Cladists use the word synapomorphy more to show closer relationships. Pliesiomorphy is the word cladists use to show more ancient relationships.