Excludability
A free-rider problem.
A free rider problem
having no backbone
A nail or hoof or claw are common to all mammals and are a shared evolutionary trait.
A free-rider problem.Non-excludability
No
all of the above
No, elasticity is not shared by all individual goods; it varies depending on factors such as the availability of substitutes, necessity versus luxury status, and consumer preferences. For example, essential goods like bread tend to have inelastic demand, meaning consumers will continue to purchase them despite price increases. In contrast, luxury items, like designer handbags, often have more elastic demand, where price changes significantly impact consumer purchasing behavior. Thus, elasticity is specific to each good and its market context.
The offspring will all inherit one copy of the dominant allele (from the heterozygous parent) and one copy of the recessive allele (from the homozygous recessive parent). This results in all offspring being heterozygous for the trait.
recessive trait only appear when an individual is homozygous recessive, both alleles must code for the recessive trait
A trait shared by at least two and perhaps more taxa and devolving on common ancestry is synapomorphy. A homologous trait is quite similar. The forelimbs of all tetrapods are devolved from common ancestry and would be traits shared by many taxa and homologous traits. Cladists use the word synapomorphy more to show closer relationships. Pliesiomorphy is the word cladists use to show more ancient relationships.
A shared trait among all animals is the presence of eukaryotic cells, which have a defined nucleus and organelles. Additionally, all animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that rely on other organisms for food. They typically exhibit some form of movement at some stage of their life cycle and possess specialized tissues and systems for various functions, such as digestion and response to environmental stimuli.