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  • Oceanographers are scientists who study the ocean and its inhabitants. They use a variety of tools, including: thermometers (temperature), hydrometers (salinity - or salt content), CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth), fathometers (ocean depth), and submersible submarines (the ocean bottom).
  • The temperature and salinity of the water determine its density. Cooler water is denser than warmer water so it sinks to the bottom. Salty water is denser than less salty water.
  • The different water densities divide the ocean into three zones: mixed zone, transition zone, and deep zone.
  • The surface of the water is warmer than the bottom, because the sun's rays hit there directly. Also, water is warmer closer to the equator than farther north. Closer to the Poles, sunlight hits at an angle, so the warmth is spread over a wider area.
  • Currents redistribute heat around the globe. Cold-water currents move from the Poles to the equator. Warm-water currents move from the equator to the Poles.
  • Upwelling occurs when seasonal winds push water away from the coast and cooler, nutrient-rich water from the bottom rises to take its place.
  • The different ocean zones are: epipelagic (sunlit), mesopelagic (twilight), bathypelagic, abyssopelagic, hedalpelagic (midnight zones).
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Q: What properties would you expect the water to have in the deep zone?
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