What provides deposit insurance which guarantees the safety of deposits in member banks?

Answer 1

In the United States, all banks are members of the FDIC - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Each bank pays a certain amount into the FDIC's coffers for insurance of all deposits up to $100,000 by individual citizens. If the bank runs out of money, the FDIC pays back to the citizens the amount of money they had on deposit at the bank out of the money the banks have been paying into the FDIC. Until the Great Recession, the FDIC was 100% financially solvent; during the Recession there were enough banks that went under that FDIC needed a loan from the Treasury Department to cover repaying all deposits. This loan has since been paid back and the FDIC is standing on its own two feet again.