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There are many different types of antacids, each with a slightly different mechanism of action. All of these neutralize stomach acid (HCl) through some reaction. The Example below uses calcium carbonate, which is used in the popular antacid "Tums".
2 HCl + CaCO3 --> CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
A way to envision this reaction is that the hydrochloric acid "eats away" at the calcium carbonate, forming CaCl2, an ionic species, and H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which is not stable at standard conditions. This rapidly decays to H2O and CO2 at normal pressures (like when you open a can of soda), which is why these are written on the products side of the reaction.
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