The earth's orbit passes through the orbits of cometary debris which manifest themselves as meteorite showers.
If the Sun were larger than Earth's orbit, we'd be inside it. Are we inside it? There you go.
One Year; 365.24 days.
Yes, a rocket can go beyond Earth's orbit. For instance, rockets have been used to send spacecraft to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. However, once outside of Earth's orbit, a rocket would need to rely on its own propulsion system to continue traveling through space.
No, the earths orbit is so great that the moon would would half to go at 100,000 mps to alter the orbit of the earth.
They orbit and they rotate
Meteors travels through earth. While the meteors travel towards the earth they go around the orbit.
The orbit helps the satellite go into orbit.
No, the earth's atmosphere reflects and absorbs x-rays, so they do not make it to the surface.
The moon orbits the Earth, which takes one year to go around the Sun.
If it remains aloft, it is in orbit. There are many different types of orbit. For instance, a geostationary orbit keeps the orbiting body positioned over the same spot on Earth. However an apparent retrograde orbit moves the satellite in the opposite direction of the Earth's rotation, and a Polar orbit sends the satellite over both poles, or nearly so.
They go faster through the inner core than the liquid outer core
First off the moon doesn't orbit around the earth. But it takes aproximatly one month to go through all the moon phases.