For the most part it was human capital.
The Romans conquered all the lands of Europe from the Atlantic ocean to the Rhine river. (Even though they did penetrate across the Rhine, the Rhine was considered their border) They controlled all of North Africa and the entire Middle East to the Black Sea.
They took over the lands first and stayed focused on the land with there armies. Also at the same time kept there lands under control and there lands were still defended.
It was Alexander the Great. He did not conquer lands In Europe. He conquered the Persian Empire which had lands on Asia and included Egypt, the only land in north Africa ehich came under his dominion
The original Romans came from the city of Rome in what is now Italy. They conquered most of the known western world and used the people of conquered lands as slaves and soldiers. Many of these people also became Roman citizens.
Both were tolerant of local religions and customs.
The Romans conquered all the lands on the shores of the Mediterranean. This made theMediterraneanthe world of the Romans. They called this sea mare nostrum, our sea.
Like the Romans, the conquering Muslim respected the religions and customs of the conquered peoples.
settlement
Both were tolerant of local religions and customs.
Both were tolerant of local religions and customs.
Both were tolerant of local religions and customs.
Rome treated conquered people generously. The knew the people would be more loyal to the government if treated like Romans.