Pavlov
I assume that would fall under something a geologist would study
Criminology is sort of a sociological discipline and so would be studied with sociological methods: surveys and statistics.
The relationship between formation of tornadoes and altitude.
If the studied habitat is disturbed, it could have an effect on the results which would make them unreliable.
Because pavlov would feed the dog right after the tone. The dog came to understand that the tone meant food was coming, and would salivate in anticipation.
A classic example of social conditioning would probably be Pavlov's dogs.Everytime Pavlov (a scientist) fed his dogs, he would ring a bell. The dogs would salivate at the food. Eventually, the dogs began to associate the sound of the bell with food and Pavlov would be able to ring the bell and the dogs would come to him without him having to put food down for them. Just the sound of the bell would cause the dogs to salivate because they assumed it meant food.
An entomologist is a scientist that studies insects and 'bugs.' A chiropterologist is a scientist who studies bats. An ornithologist studies birds. It would depend on what small, winged creature was being studied.
The FIRST step!
Wind is part of weather, so wind would be studied by a weather scientist, more formally called a meteorologist.
Apex answers Life science
The conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's study on dogs was the bell. Initially, the bell had no effect on the dogs' salivation response, but after being repeatedly paired with the presentation of food (the unconditioned stimulus), the dogs started to salivate in response to the bell alone.
Do you mean Galileo Galilei? The Italian guy who dropped things from the Leaning Tower to see what would hit the ground first?