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John C. Pemberton was a Philadelphia-born regular officer, who had married the daughter of a prominent Virginia farmer, and had become much enamoured of the Southern way of life.

When the war started, he resigned to join the Confederates, even though he had two brothers serving in the Union army, and some of his colleagues were suspicious about his Northern birth.

As commander of the garrison at Vicksburg, the last major Mississippi river-port held by the South, he was out-manoeuvred by Grant, and the Confederates took out their anger on him, claiming that he was not a loyal and true-born Southerner.

To prove his loyalty, he resigned his commission and re-enlisted as a private. He was soon promoted Colonel, but never held high command again.

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