Any "LEAD FREE"
Lead free solder found in most plumbing or hardware stores.
These two nipples are called heat traps, when water is heated it expands and rises. These little flaps are to hold some of the heat in the water heater. You should use both of them. If you use copper pipe with solder joints you want to make sure and solder the 3/4 female adapter to a length of pipe and then let it cool before you screw it on to the silver nipples. Do not solder any fittings close to the nipples without using some kind of heat sink, a wet rag wrapped around the nipples will do the job. The blue thing in the cold water side of the heater is called a "dip tube" it is there to carry the cold water entering the heater to the bottom of the heater and not mix at the top of the heater with the water that has already been heated.
Always and only solder.
You can use a paste flux and heat (as from a soldering gun) to reattach the solder.
Good question. There are a few simple answers. Most solders begin to become "plastic" at around 350 degrees Fahrenheit and melt at slightly higher temperatures than even that. If you are asking about a hot water heater: If you are operating your water heating system at that temperature the water will have already boiled off and most likely the heater will either have exploded, the P/T relief valve dumped or both. If you are asking about an electric heater, do not try to melt solder on it. The heating element is electrically "hot" and could present an extreme shock hazard. The best way to melt solder is with with a soldering iron or some kind of torch. Hope this helps
The solder will most likely melt at the operating temperature of the heater.
That cant be done because as long as there is water in them the temperature of the pipe wont go up enough to allow the solder to flow. you have to remove the water.
Lead is toxic to humans (causes brain damage) thus when using a solder to join copper water pipes it is best not to use a solder containing lead as this will get into the water passing through the pipes and slowly poison the user of this water.
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