According to earthsky.org, that bright star next to the full moon in the early evening in early August, 2009, is Jupiter.
On August 4, 2009, the bright star Regulus was visible next to the Moon in the evening sky. Regulus is the brightest star in the Leo constellation and can often be seen near the Moon during its monthly journey across the sky.
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Yes, Jupiter is currently the brightest thing in the night sky, not counting the moon.
The penumbral lunar eclipse on August 6, 2009 is too minor to be visible anywhere, and would not be visible in Australia in any case. The full Moon will be partially dimmed by about 5%. You won't notice a thing.
Earth!
On 30th July 2017 the bright planet near the Moon just after sunset is Jupiter. Mercury is also visible in the lower part of the sky.
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Mars.
The August 6 2009 lunar eclipse will not be "visible" period. It's a partial penumbral eclipse, meaning that a portion of the moon will dim slightly. The difference in brightness is too small to notice simply by looking, though astronomers using special equipment will be able to detect it.
The moon orbits the Earth, so it is always visible from some point on Earth.
That depends a lot on where you live! The Moon is not visible from all places on Earth at the same time.
Mercury is the planet that most resembles the Moon in visible surface features and atmosphere. It is a grey planet that has many craters and a thin atmosphere.