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Less than 40. Surprising isn't it?
The method called "parallax.
There are many but a couple famous are Wolf 359, G51-15, and 61 Cygni. Go to this website to figure out more info http://www.scienceinschool.org/2006/issue2/exoplanet/ Any star less than sixteen light years from the Milky Way Galaxy would be considered within the Milky Way Galaxy. Our sun is one of the 200 to 400 billion stars in our galaxy. If you were curious about stars less than 16 light years from our solar system, the above answer is good.
that question is impossible to answer without a specific star because they are all in completely different places. Most of the stars you can see as individual stars are less than a couple of thousand light years away. The nearest are just 4 light years away.
Yes. It is a common misconception that the light from a star takes millions of years to reach Earth, and that the star is dead by the time the light reaches us. This is false for two reasons. First, most of the stars you can see with the naked eye are no more than a few hundred light years away and some are less than 10 light years away, so the light we see from them was emitted hundreds of years ago at most, not millions. No star in this galaxy is more than about 75,000 light years away. Second, for most stars, a few million years is a fairly short time. Most stars last for billions of years.
Only one . . . the sun. Its distance is about 8-1/3 light minutes. The next nearest star is about 4.4 light years away.
The sun is relativly close to the Earth compared to other stars. It takes light less than 9 minutes to get to us from the Sun, but it takes several years, to billions of years, for star light to reach Earth.
It varies widely, the closest star other than the sun is just over 4 light years away, but most of the stars we see are a few dozen to a few hundred light years away.
Generally speaking, this is a gross exaggeration. You see the stars as they were, at most, a few centuries ago. The reason is the light travels at a limited speed. In other words, it takes time to reach you. Distance between stars is measure in light years, which is the distance that light travels in a year. For example, if you look at a star that is 100 light years away, the light you see now left it 100 years ago. The stars you see at night are within the small part of our galaxy that is closest to us. Those stars are at most a few hundred light years away. A handful are less than 10 light years away. The only thing you can with the naked eye see as it was millions of years ago is the Andromeda galaxy, a massive collection of stars 2.5 million light years away. With a telescope you can see farther galaxies.
A light-year is the distance light travels in a year. Distances between stars are given in light-years because it is easier to visualize "10 light-years" (the distance travelled by light in 10 years), than "9.5 x 1213 kilometers".
No. No star other than the sun is within a light year of Earth. Most of the stars in constellations are dozens to hundreds of light years away.
Stars range in many different shapes and sizes some have super energy and others have less energy. Usually the more mass the star has the more light it will seem to emit more light, the distance can matter, one thing to remember when looking at the stars is that it can and does take thousands of years for the light from a star to reach the Earth. Some stars are brighter than others because they have more energy than others.