Among the steps were the establishment of daily prayers, study and reading of The Bible (torah) and study of the oral law. Rules were also set for a religious court of law and the resolution of interpersonal conflicts using recognized authorities as mediators.
Answer 2:
Actually, daily prayers go back MUCH further (Talmud, Berakhot 31a, quoting Psalms 55:18). Studying the Torah began in Moses' time (Deuteronomy 11:19) and included the Oral Law. Religious courts and their rules also go all the way back (Exodus ch.21-23).
1) After the end of prophecy (some 2350 years ago), the canon of the Tanakh was sealed by a special Sanhedrin (Rabbinical court). It was the same Sanhedrin which placed our prayers in their permanent form (Talmud, Berakhot 33a). The sealing of the canon ensured that Judaism would remain unified around one set of Books.
2) The Talmud was put in writing (around 500 CE) when it became too hard to be learned by heart. Putting it in writing made it available to all Jews worldwide.
3) The various Rabbinical decrees were enacted, mostly by the Men of the Great Assembly (4th century BCE). The purpose of every one of the decrees is to provide a "fence around the Torah," meaning to shore up something that can benefit from strengthening. An example: not handling electric appliances on the Sabbath, even if they are not connected to any electric socket.
4) When circumstances made it impossible, the New Moon was no longer proclaimed by testimony; rather, the fixed calendar was instituted (around 360 CE).
5) Certain fasts were instituted in connection with the Destruction of the Temple.
6) After the Destruction, the laws of sacrifices were suspended.
7) Purim and Hanukkah were instituted after the relevant events.
See also:
The leaders of Judaism are Rabbis. The followers of Judaism are the Jewish people.
If the question is asking about the Jewish Diaspora, those Jews who are in Israel are not considered to be in the Diaspora.If the question is asking about a different diaspora, such as the Armenian Diaspora, the Circassian Diaspora, etc. the leaders of those ethnic group's religious institutions have become the leaders of those diasporas in Israel.
The Jewish diaspora (exile) began twice: when Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the First Temple and exiled the people to Babylon; and several centuries later, when Titus destroyed the Second Temple, and most of the population of Judea gradually went into exile because of the untenable conditions in Judea under the Romans. The Diaspora was difficult because it is not as easy to survive and to maintain one's Jewish identity when the Jews are spread thinly amongst other peoples.
Judaism isn't a centralised religion so leaders are at the community level. Leaders can be religious or secular depending on how they're associated with their community.
If you are referring to the Jewish Diaspora, then it was the Jews that experienced it.
Anti-Jewish leaders have been in power since the beginning of Judaism. Some are are still in power today.
There is only one G-d in Judaism; it is monotheistic. There are no 'leaders' as such. The Rabbi takes Synagogue services and officiates at weddings and so on, and Rabbis are experts in Jewish scriptures and Jewish religious law. But they are not intermediaries between us and G-d; we speak directly to G-d. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
adjective for Judaism is Jewish
The romans carried on the Jewish diaspora, begun by the Assyrians and Chaldeans.
Judaism is Jewish; Buddhism is not.
abraham
The Jewish diaspora occured Babylonia, Eastern Europe, Israel, Poland, Spain, Greece, and Italy