First you recite Surat Al - Fattiha then you can recite any Surat form the Quran
surah thoor
Surah al fath
To not disturb or confuse the people around you who are praying and reciting a different surah.
After surat Al Alaq, you don't say anything but there is sujood.
Out of the ones you were asking, Surah Yusuf is the largest-It has the most ayahs. Surah Ibrahim- I think 53 ayahs Surah Yunus-109 Surah Yusuf- 111
Surah
surah fatiha
Rukuh is the bowing part of salaah. Rukn are the obligatory pillars of salah, such as takbeeratul ihram, saying surah fatiha, praying towards the Ka'bah, etc.
It is a Madani surah. But it was revealed in Makkah.
Tatalo
Surah Yunus Surah Yusuf Surah Ibrahim Surah Muhammed Surah Nuh. i am not sure if these are all of them but this is what i got...
Surat At-Tawba carries stern warnings for unbelievers and speaks of the preservation of the Islamic Nation through fighting. So it is inappropriate to begin with the mercy of God. That is one explanation the scholars have said. There may be another reason. Only God knows.