Filibuster the bill, also known as "killing" or "talking (a bill) to death."
A filabuster
To stop legislation from being passed - there's a limit to how long Congress can debate over a Bill. Talking it to death is a good tactic if the majority of the Senate will support the bill, but there is enough opposition to launch a successful filibuster. The reason this never really happens in the House of Representatives is because the House has a speaker. The threat of a filibuster is a far more common tactic than the real thing.
No, but it can be sent to committee for review and tabled, passed, or stopped.
No, the SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) bill has not been passed yet. Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid plans to bring the bill up for vote in the Senate on January 24, 2012.
From wikipedia: "Sections 2 and 3 of Rule VII (Morning Business) of the Standing Rules of the Senate outline the procedure for bringing motions to the floor of the Senate. Under these rules, "no motion to proceed to the consideration of any bill...shall be entertained...unless by unanimous consent". " Therefore a senator can place a hold on the debate of a bill which means the bill cannot be voted on until after a debate. In order to stop a filibuster or a hold the senate needs 16 senators to request "cloture" which requires a positive vote from 3/5ths of the senators. Unfortunately, a cloture vote takes two business days to occur.
By voting a bill down, using a filibuster (Senate Only), or killed by committee.
Prevent of Senate from voting on a bill
For a bill to become law it must be passed by both houses of Congress, so when the Senate passes a bill, the same bill must also go to the House of Representatives, or if the House has passed a similar bill, the two bills must be reconciled by a joint committee to produce a single bill that both houses can pass. Then when both houses have passed the same bill, the bill goes to the President for his signature. The President may or may not sign the bill, and if he doesn't, Congress can over-ride the veto if they have enough votes. Otherwise the bill dies.
Nothing. Bills which fail simply stop. The content of a failed bill may be re-introduced at a later date in a different bill, but once a specific bill has been voted down, it cannot then be re-introduced later.
Republicans do not have a majority in the Senate; however, they can stop an appointment by President Obama by filibuster.
Unfortunately, the rules of the senate have changed over the past few years, such that the minority party (in this case the Republicans) can stop any piece of legislation or any proposal from getting an up-or-down vote by threatening a filibuster. Where years ago, filibusters were real (in other words, a senator had to remain on the floor of the senate for hours and hours, preventing a piece of legislation from being voted on), today, the rules only require a verbal agreement to filibuster; Republicans united to use this tactic and they used it a record number of times. Even though they still held a majority, the Democrats needed 60 votes to stop a filibuster, and they did not have that many; in past years, some Republican senators would cross the aisle and work together with Democrats, but now, the Republicans were united in opposing nearly every bill that the president wanted passed. Thus, the senate was unable to get anything done.
With 61 votes