Periscope.
Periscopes allow a submarine, when submerged at a shallow depth, to search visually for nearby targets and threats on the surface of the water and in the air. When not in use, a submarine's periscope retracts into the hull.
They are actually called "planes" on a submarine and allow it to maneuver underwater. Horizontal "planes" allow the submarine to go up/down, vertical "planes" allow the submarine to go left/right.
Submarines dive by opening vent valves that allow sea water to push air out of their ballast tanks.
The submarine had been envisioned by ancients as a weapon to be used against surface ships. Hundreds of years went by before technology allow construction of one. The "real" boats were around in a limited way in WWI, but by WWII, they kicked butt. Today, we have superb military submarines. The submarine was also seen as a research vessel and a recreational vehicle before they advent of the "real" submarine.
A submarine actually controls its weight by allowing water to enter or exit hollow chambers in its hull. These chambers are called ballast tanks. Ballast is anything carried in a ship to give stability. When water is allowed to flood into a submarine's ballast tanks, the weight of the submarine increases. When this increased weight exceeds the submarine's buoyancy, the submarine will sink. To allow the submarine to rise, air is pumped into the ballast tanks. The air forces out the water, reducing the weight of the submarine. The submarine then becomes lighter, buoyancy increases, and it floats to the surface. A submarine can also be made to "float" underwater at any depth by adjusting the amount of water weight in its ballast tanks.
By their pumps and ballast-tanks: allowing water into the tanks to raise the vessel's density so can submerge, or pumping air into the tanks to displace the water and allow the submarine to surface.
Yes, the buoyant force on a submarine has been reduced to allow it to "stop floating" and submerge.
To change the buoyancy of the boat and allow it to rise and sink in the water.
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They open valves to allow seawater to enter the ballast tanks outside.