The whole point of a black hole is that its gravity is so strong that nothing - not even a ray - can escape from its gravitational pull.
However, it is theorised that Hawking radiation does escape from the event horizon. Not yet proven (May 2013).
Black Holes' can 'eat' any type of matter in the Universe.
Astronomy
Yes. Intermediate-mass blackhole is a medium size black hole. Scientists have found stellar black holes and supermassive black holes but there is no prove that Intermediate-mass black type of black holes exist. My opinion is that they do exist because when a black hole is becoming a black hole supermassiveblack hole it will need to go though this stage of intermediate-mass black hole.
No. A year is the time it takes for Earth to orbit the sun. Black holes are formed far out in space and are not affected by Earth or its orbit.
It depends on what you're studying besides black holes. If you're studying planets along with black holes, you could be an astrophysicist. Or, if you're studying atoms along with black holes, you could be a theoretical physicist. Just a few examples.
The stellar black holes are the most common ones, as far as we know.
X-Rays locate cavities in our teeth
As a black hole.As a black hole.As a black hole.As a black hole.
Hawking radiation and a whole lot of everything else.
Black holes have the strongest gravity of any object.
Also the lynx as well because that is a type of cat
White dwarves, neutron stars, and black holes.