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The last Sultan in name was Mehmed VI (1861-1926) who served from 1918 to 1922 after the defeat of the empire as part of the Central Powers of World War I.

The last imperial ruler was his cousin, His Imperial Majesty The Sultan Abdülmecid II (1868-1944) as Caliph of Islam.

He was named Caliph by the Turkish National Assembly in 1922 after the Sultanate was abolished, but the Caliphate too was abolished in 1924, and he was expelled from the country. The new secular state of Turkey came under the leadership of Mustafa Ataturk as the first President.

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