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The execution of Roman citizens was actually banned following the Lex Porcia of 199 BC, and citizens were only allowed to be forced into exile. That said, execution of non-citizens--provincials and foreigners, was still rampant, and nonetheless some executions of citizens did occur.

There were several methods of execution but crucifixion was the most well-known. 6000 of the rebellious slaves who joined Spartacus were crucified along the Via Appia.

Crucifixion was considered brutally harsh and was reserved for "barbarians"--slaves and foreigners.

Execution of Citizens

The usual method was decapitation, sometimes preceded by a birching. Note the Roman fasces, the bundle of sticks, which includes an axe (sometimes). IT was rare for this sentence to be carried out after the early Republic, once the right of appeal was established. Of course, the concilium plebis could ratify the death sentence, but exile was the usual outcome.

For serious crimes--parricide, poisoning and a scant few others--the convict was flogged until bloody, sewn into a sack with a rooster, an ape, and a viper, and tossed into the Tiber. For political crimes, one might be thrown from the Tarpeian Rock--an outcropping overlooking the bank of the Tiber the bore sharp volcanic rocks. Many of those proscribed during the Roman Civil War (from the Gracchi through Augustus) went this way. Finally, political removals (enemies such as Vercingetorix and the Catalinarians) were sometimes conducted by strangling the convict and dropping his remains into a cavern located beneath the Carcer.

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