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Constantine I (or the Great) supported Christianity. He promoted Christians in the imperial bureaucracy, introduced some laws which favoured the Christians, built some important Christian churches and tried to arbitrate between disputes between rival Christian doctrines by summoning synods ecumenical councils. However, he did not hold any religious authority. Moreover, besides supporting the Christians, he also promoted the worship of Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun) a pagan god.

Some two hundred year later the Byzantine emperors, beginning with Justinian I (or the Great), became the supreme authority of the Eastern Christian Church (later it became known the Orthodox Church), which was the official church of this empire, as well as the supreme political authority of the empire.

The late 19th century/early 20th century German sociologist Max Weber used the term Caesaropapism. He defined "a secular, caesaropapist ruler ... [as someone who] exercises supreme authority in ecclesiastic matters by virtue of his autonomous legitimacy". In Weber's political sociology, caesaropapism entails "the complete subordination of priests to secular power." The term relates to any such situation, not just that of the Byzantine Empire.

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Q: What was the mixture of secular and religious authority that marked Constantine's reign as well as that of the Byzantine emperors is?
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