Pope Urban the 2nd
Manuel Boutoumites was a Byzantine general during the first Crusade. His name begins with M.
its often refers to as the taking of Jerusalem
John Paul, as a pope's name, was from putting together two single names of popes, John and Paul. Both popes led the church through some of its hardest times during the 20th century, and as such, it has become a name for popes to choose.
There have been 12 popes who have taken Pius as their name.
None, Benedict XVI is the first.
The newly elected pope chooses what name he wishes to be known by during his reign. He does not have to choose a new name. He is free to use is Baptismal name.
Ernst
Popes do not elect cardinals, they name them.
There have been no popes named Jude.
The First Crusade, sometimes referred to as the Siege of Jerusalem, started in 1095 and ended in 1099. Crusader armies from Italy and France broke into separate groups and marched toward Constantinople.
Alexios I Comnenos, Constantinople
There have been six popes named Adrian and six popes named Paul.