There were many different kinds of leaders among the ancient Hebrews, including:
Hebrew society was based upon the covenant with God, as set forth in the Torah. The Torah establishes a separation of the various forms of power, so that all of them are not concentrated in one individual.
In the earliest era, the Hebrews consisted of family-groups (clans; tribes) led by patriarchs. Later, during the three centuries of the Judges, the Israelite nation had sages (led by Sanhedrin-courts) who were consulted in questions of Jewish law and conduct; while individual Judges occasionally unified the people in war against some common enemy.
(See: Jewish history timeline)
During the four centuries of the monarchy, the Israelites were led by three distinct people or groups: the king, the Sanhedrin and the Kohen Gadol. (See also Deuteronomy ch.17-18.)
The king conducted the nation and made decisions in most national matters but was not necessarily one of the leading sages. It is noteworthy that although the prophets had no temporal power, they were sent by God not only to exhort the people in general, but also to rebuke the king when needed.
(See: The role of the prophets)
The Sanhedrin (court of Sages) was the final authority on Torah-matters. One of its functions was to ensure that the Torah-traditions were handed down intact from generation to generation.
The Kohen Gadol conducted the observances in the Holy Temple, together with the assistance of the rest of the Kohanim and Levites (Leviticus ch.21, Numbers ch.8 and 18). Though the Kohen Gadol had no formal power outside the Temple, he did have great influence due to the prestige of his position. In times of need, he occasionally dealt directly with foreign monarchs (see Talmud, Yoma 47a and 69b).
See also:
Many of the leaders are mentioned in the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). See also:Timeline and leaders
There isn't just one document. There is a collection of documents called the Torah, the Prophets and the Holy Writings. In Hebrew it's known as the Tanakh (תנ״ך) and in English it's called the Hebrew Bible.
The most famous leaders are Moses, Joshua, samuel.
Surprisingly enough, the language of the Ancient Israelites (sometimes called Ancient Hebrews) was Ancient Hebrew.
It is called "The Bible" or "The Tanakh" spelled תנ״ך in Hebrew.
Only the early male leaders were called Patriarchs. The female leaders were called Matriarchs. They were called Patriarchs and Matriarchs because they were the fathers and mothers of Israel.
The Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) has information about the Hebrew leaders. See also:http://judaism.answers.com/jewish-history/timeline-of-jewish-history
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Pharaoh(s)
The tribe leaders did not have any specific title.
Type your answer here...Pharaoh
The Egyptian king was called the pharoh.