the workers are called serfs and a quarter of the land belongs to king as personal property and some will be given to churches and some were leased for rent.
The workers were referred to as serfs.
Serfs worked for all the upper classes of society in their time. basically, they were peasants-- they are peasants.
Serfs worked for all the upper classes of society in their time. basically, they were peasants-- they are peasants.
Large numbers of peasants were killed by the black death, making it impossible to do all the farm work. In some places, farm animals died because there were no one left to tend them. This is not simply a problem of raising food. What food was raised was sufficient for the population that remained. Instead, it was a problem of infrastructure support. There were jobs that had to be done that did not contribute to farming. Upkeep work on the manors had to be done by taking peasants off the fields, or abandoned. In many cases the lords of manors had died, and the new lords were not well equipped to keep things going. Lords competed for peasants. Those who had the money to tempt them, lured peasants away from the manors of lords who did not. And so many manors were abandoned altogether. The land on those manors was untended, and quickly reverted to woodland. Most of those manors that survived did recover. The populations on these manors grew to what they had been. But there were fewer of them. The changes in the economic condition of the peasants meant that the land on the manors was eventually managed differently. Landlords, as part of luring serfs onto their manors, gave them more freedom than they had previously had, and this eventually meant that, where there had been a day or two of labor due the lord every week, peasants paid rent in money and worked a day or two for the lord for pay. Communal farming was reorganized so the peasants had larger fields of their own, with communal only activities being done where it was difficult not to continue with them, such as common grazing of cattle and sheep. And so the layout and use of fields was also altered. There is a link below to the economic section of an article dealing with the consequences of the Black Death. There is a bit about this there.
Not all peasants lived on manors, not all peasants were farming labourers and not all peasants even worked on land. Some peasant farm workers were employed by the monasteries as servants, shepherds, millers, ploughmen and so on, working mainly on monastic granges. They were employed by and paid by the head of the monastery (he might be a Prior or an Abbot). Many peasants lived in towns and some of these were wealthy men; craftsmen, merchants, tradesmen, minters, smiths, butchers and many more townspeople belonged to the peasant class, but many were extremely wealthy people. Some peasants worked as sailors on various types of ship; among them there were fishermen, ferrymen, merchantmen and military ships all crewed by peasants.
Nobles and knights did not own land, they simply held it from the king (who owned every square inch). A knight might hold as many as seven or eight manors in different parts of the country, each including one or more villages or parts of villages. The total land held in this way was called an "honour" (Anglo-Norman French honur, feudal domain, property and rights).Since a nobleman could not (and would not) work all this land himself, he allowed his tenant farming peasants to hold sections of it, in return for rents, customary dues and work obligations. The king still owned all of it, but it was occupied and worked by these farming peasants.
Most peasants worked for feudal lords of one sort or another, who owned the manors the peasants worked on. Some peasants worked on property that belonged to the Church. They worked for the churches, abbeys, monasteries, or other Church organizations that owned the land. Some peasants owned their own small farms and worked for themselves.
Serfs worked for all the upper classes of society in their time. basically, they were peasants-- they are peasants.
Serfs worked for all the upper classes of society in their time. basically, they were peasants-- they are peasants.
A peasant owned no land, so they weren't directly a part of the feudal system. Many peasants worked on lands owned by knights or nobles.
The estate of most feudal lords was called a manor. The manor was a large agricultural property worked by peasants who lived on it, usually in a hamlet or village. It might have had a number of features, including a manor house, for the lord and his family, workshops, barns, woodland, pasture, fields, and often a church.
a large Spanish colonial estate owned by a wealthy family but worked by many peasants called an hacienda
Peasants worked for knights, who worked for lords.
Manorialism refers to the economic and social system that was prevalent in medieval Europe where feudal lords controlled land and granted portions of it to peasants in exchange for labor and goods. The peasants worked the land and paid rents or provided services to the lord in return for protection and the use of land for farming. This system was a key feature of feudal society.
Feudem is a Latin word meaning to give land in return for services. As king, William owned all the land in England. But he could not manage it on his own, and he wanted to reward those supporters who had helped him beat Harold in the Battle of Hastings. So he shared the land with his loyal followers. William lent large estates of land to powerful barons. They gave smaller areas of this land, called manors, to knights. Knights were fighting men with little knowledge of farming. So they shared their manors among peasants, or villeins, who worked on it. Lending land in this way was called the feudal system. In the system, each person made promises in return for their land. The feudal system was totally new, however before 1066 their was an organising like the feudal system. But unlike the feudal system the people did not have to make promises for their land, they had to pay money for their land. As in both systems there was ranking of the people and the king was at the top and then to follow was the church. In the system before 1066 the rankings were in the following order The king and the Church , the earls, the thegns, the ceorls, the cottars and the serfs. After 1066 in the feudal system the ranking were in the following order The king and the Church, the barons, the knights, the villeins
Peasants provided food, labor, and other forms of support to knights in exchange for protection and sometimes land. Knights were part of the feudal system, where they received land grants from the king in return for military service, and peasants worked the land in exchange for the knights' protection.
Large numbers of peasants were killed by the black death, making it impossible to do all the farm work. In some places, farm animals died because there were no one left to tend them. This is not simply a problem of raising food. What food was raised was sufficient for the population that remained. Instead, it was a problem of infrastructure support. There were jobs that had to be done that did not contribute to farming. Upkeep work on the manors had to be done by taking peasants off the fields, or abandoned. In many cases the lords of manors had died, and the new lords were not well equipped to keep things going. Lords competed for peasants. Those who had the money to tempt them, lured peasants away from the manors of lords who did not. And so many manors were abandoned altogether. The land on those manors was untended, and quickly reverted to woodland. Most of those manors that survived did recover. The populations on these manors grew to what they had been. But there were fewer of them. The changes in the economic condition of the peasants meant that the land on the manors was eventually managed differently. Landlords, as part of luring serfs onto their manors, gave them more freedom than they had previously had, and this eventually meant that, where there had been a day or two of labor due the lord every week, peasants paid rent in money and worked a day or two for the lord for pay. Communal farming was reorganized so the peasants had larger fields of their own, with communal only activities being done where it was difficult not to continue with them, such as common grazing of cattle and sheep. And so the layout and use of fields was also altered. There is a link below to the economic section of an article dealing with the consequences of the Black Death. There is a bit about this there.
The agricultural estate is called a manor.