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Israelites (Yisraelim in Biblical Hebrew), Hebrews (a term first used probably by Ancient Egyptians) and Bnei Yisrael ("Children of Israel") are all terms used for Jews before the Common Era.
People who choose to continue the ancient traditions of Judaism.
Sort of. The ancient Jews had a priestly class and a "teacher" class, but most people were not in either group.
Amongst ancient Jews, it's probably a tie between Avraham and Moshe (Moses). Amongst modern Jews, my vote is Albert Einstein.
Some are and some aren't. In Ancient times, most Jews were.
The language is called Hebrew. The people can be called Jews, or Hebrews, or Israelites, or Israelis.
The first Jews were the Israelites who accepted the Torah from HaShem in the Sinai. When the Israelites escaped from Egypt, there were other groups that joined them in the exodus, these people joined the Jewish Nation. As for how non-Jews became Jews in ancient times, the story of Ruth is the basis for modern conversion to Judaism.
Seventy. The list is given at the beginning of Exodus.
There was no ancient Palestine. The land of Israel was only renamed "Palestine" AFTER the Jews were expelled in the year 70.The enemies of Ancient Israel were as numerous as they are today. The following people threatened the Hebrews in Ancient Israel:CanaanitesHittitesEgyptiansAssyriansBabyloniansSyrian-GreeksRomans
with paint and the urine from the statues and jews and then drink to make a liquid
Israelites refer to the Ancient Jewish people, Jew refers to the modern Jewish people.