What is last names of each of the twelve disciples?

Answer 1

The cultural practice of surnames was not largely practiced by biblical peoples. So technically the disciples did not have "last names."

In the era when the Christian scriptures were written, only the most elite Romans would have possessed a surname, and even then it was often titular ('Julius Caesar" was also "Caesar August," "Caesar" being the tile, "Julius Augustus" being the man's first and them familial name). The practice of more than one name was beginning, but again it was a way for the rich (often senatorial or military) to distinguish themselves, especially when they had a common name (Marc was very common, hence "Marc Anthony").

In Judaism, by the period of Jesus' time it was commonplace to have one name as your own. A male might also add his father's name preceded by "bar," which means "son of"; hence "Simon Barjonah" is "Simon son of Jonah."

Because Palestine was a multicultural cauldron, most people spoke more than one language. Sometimes they were called by their birth name and then the equivalent of their name in a second language; "Simon Peter" is the name "rock" (or "Rocky") in Aramaic and then Greek.

It was also commonplace for a well-known person who traveled (such as a teacher or merchant or soldier) to be identified by where their family lived; hence "Jesus of Nazareth," "Saul of Tarsus."

In discerning the names of the disciples, it is difficult enough trying to identify their first names: the lists of disciples vary in each gospel. We could infer some of their names based on some of the stories we receive: James and John anre identified as sons of Zebedee, and so could be called "James barzebedee" and "John barzebedee."

Furthermore, there are layers of legend and tradition -- often not historically verified -- through which additional names have become associated with the disciples. These become highly codified in the medieval period, which is why we names such as "James the Elder," "James the Lesser," "James the brother of Jesus," and "James the son of Zebedee." It is intended to distinguish one individual from another. It is nearly impossible to discern which person is credited with what action unless you have an ecylopedia of saints names because at some point nearly every named follower of Christ was canonized as a saint.

Answer 2

People back then didn't have last names. They we simply known as (gonna use James, brother of Jesus as an example) James, son of Joseph.