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Forming the Canal Zone

In 1903, the US was unable to secure ratification of a treaty with Colombia, which at the time held claim to the isthmus. Changing tactics, the administration of Theodore Roosevelt decided to support the separatist movement instead, resulting in the formation of an independent Panama. The US was then granted a 99-year lease on the territories around the canal, which became the Canal Zone.

Construction

In the construction of the Panama Canal (1904-1914), new designs and methods were employed than in the earlier French attempt (1880-1893). The canal was changed to a lock system rather than a sea-level plan, which greatly reduced the needed excavation. The angles of digging and the local river hydrography were considered when preventing landslides or flooding. Despite medical efforts to fight malaria and yellow fever, as many as 5600 workers died on the project.

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