What will be adverse effects of Insulin analogues in future?

Answer 1

Insulin was given in eleventh of January 1922 to a medical student as an extract of Islet of pancreas. Since then it has saved innumerable lives. You had two types of Insulin. One is Pig insulin and another is Bovine Insulin from extract of there respective pancreas. Pig insulin differed in amine acid sequence by one amine acid and Bovine by three amine acids from Human Insulin. Then you had something in your hand called as Insulin resistance. Normally dose of Insulin is required is 20 I.U. in A.M. and 10 I.U. in P.M. After years, in some patients dose becomes 200 I.U. in A.M. and 100 I.U. in P.M. As antibody to Insulin are formed, neutralizing the it and requiring extra dose. It means body immunity identify the difference in sequence of amine acids and replacement of a single amine acid is not tolerated by 'Immunity'. Then you have genetically engineered Insulin. It means by putting the 'Human Gene' of insulin in micro organism, you have 'exact' replica of 'Human Insulin'. This will never ever give antigen- antibody response. But it has one disadvantage and that there is immediate hyperglycemia fallowed by hypoglycemia. Means it's pharmacokinetics was not matching with blood sugar level. Because it was in the form of Insulin hexamer. So scientists designed two types of Insulin 1) Insulin Aspart in which Proline amine acid at 'B' chain is replaced by Aspartic acid. (There are few others, like Insulin Glargine.) And Insulin Lispro in which Pro-line in 'B' 28 and Lysine in 'B' 29 are interchanged. Now you are happy. Pharmacokinetics matches. But you have to pay price of this in short future. There will be antibody formation of these designer types of Insulin that they will develop antibody in due course as happened with Bovine Insulin and pig Insulin. As 'Immunity' does not tolerate change in sequence of even 'single' amine acids of 'any' body protein.