There are four major groups of words ending in -es and a special case:
The special case is for words from Greek that end in -IS, which form an ES plural
(axis-axes, basis-bases, analysis-analyses).
(see the related question for a list)
by changig or adding ing to the end of a word or adding es to the end of the world
To make words ending in "is" plural, change "is" to "es" at the end of the word. For example, "analysis" becomes "analyses," and "thesis" becomes "theses."
amazesapologizesbaptizesbrutalizesblazesbreezescrazescriminalizescustomizesdozesenergizesemphasizesfantasizesfreezesgazesgeneralizesglamorizeshazeshomogenizesmazesmemorizesnaturalizesoptimizesprizespopularizesrealizessanitizessizessummarizessterilizestheorizestraumatizestantalizestranquilizestrivializes
A list of words that end with ES:admiresbootiesclothesduesglasseshadesseriesyes
Hard and fast rules are hard to come by but here are some guidelines on words that end in 'es' where an 'e' does not end the singular. 1. Word ends in an 's' or 'ss'
Words that end in s, x , ch, sh or z require an -es to form the plural.
Most words whose singular ends in "s" form their plural by adding "es". Examples: stress, stresses; fuss, fusses. Some (but not all) words that end with a vowel other than "e" form their plural by adding "es". Examples: tomato, tomatoes; hero, heroes. Words that end with a "y" preceded by a consonant change the "y" to an "i" and add "es". Examples: pony, ponies; pinny, pinnies; tally, tallies.
Words ending with s, x, ch, sh, and z add 'es' to the end of the word to form the plural. Examples:class, classesbox, boxesmatch, matcheswish, wisheswaltz, waltzes
When adding 'es' to a word, you need to remember to add this suffix to words that end in 's,' 'x,' 'z,' 'ch,' or 'sh' to maintain the correct spelling and pronunciation.
Lies dies
And a few words, like hobo, can take either form. Potatoes and tomatoes probably became -es words long ago by analogy with the word toes. Words like photos and pros are abbreviations, and words like solos and studios and folios are foreign.
The letters "es" form the conjugations or plurals of words that already end in an S, X, Z, CH, or SH sound, because the additional sibilant S is pronounced in that way.Example : The word "kiss" already ends in a long sibilant S. The plural "kisses" adds an entire "ES" sound instead of extending the sibilant. The spelling reflects this.Example : The word "catch" becomes "catches", because linguistically you cannot add a sibilant to the end of the "shh" sound.* Only SOME of the words that end in an O use the "es" to form their plural, and this is not a consistent occurrence. Examples are hero (heroes) and potato (potatoes).