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Which path or paths will R1 use to forward a packet that is destined to 192.168.6.10?
** the first path that the router learned.
What happens after the packet leaves the router?
After the packet leaves the router, it is sent to the receiving address that is contained in the header in its wrapper. It may not travel the same path as other packets that make up the message, however.
Describe 4 different scenarios when an ip router would drop packets that arrive on one of its interfaces?
1) ACL (Access Control List) policy instructs the router to drop it. This is a "rule" configured intentionally by the router's administrator to control traffic. 2) The packed fails an RPF (Reverse Path Forwarding) check. This is when a packet arrives with a source address that doesn't make sense, and it appears like an attempt at malicious activity. 3) The input queue is full. This is basically a symptom of the router being overloaded. 4) The packet fails a basic sanity check, such as TTL (Time to Live) expiring, or failing a CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check), although that is actually a Layer 2 function, not IP. 5) The packet has a requirement that the router is unable to accomodate. Examples of this would be a non-UDP encapsulated IPSec packet whos destination address requires translation, or a multicast packet arriving at a router that is not configured for multicast routing.
PACKET MARKING TECHNIQUE AND AGENT DESIGN ON DDOS ATTACKS?
marking packets with the router's IP address, analysis shows that in order to gain the correct attack path
What information does the next hop entry in a routing table identify?
The first router in the path to the destination network. The next hop router is the first (or next) router in the path to the destination network. Each router looks at the destination network in the packet, then consults the routing table to identify the next hop router to the destination network. The hop count identifies the numbers of routers in the path to the destination network. A default gateway router is a router that is used for packets used to external networks. Most routers do not have a default gateway setting, but instead use a default route setting which identifies the next hop router for all unknown networks.
Which action could be taken by a router if a specific match is not made to a route in the routing table?
Neighboring routers are polled to find the best path. The packet will be forwarded to a default route if one is present.
2 How do routers use the routing table to determine the best path to a destination network?
They check the number of hops a packet passes to reach the the destination. The router then uses the route with least number of Hops.
What is mean by Fragmented Packet?
Background: everything that is sent over the Internet is sent as small messages, known as Internet Protocol (or IP) packets, that are in a common format regardless of the kind of link over which the packet is currently being transmitted. In version 4 of the Internet Protocol (which is the version that is most widely used today) a packet may be too big for the kind of link over which it is about to be sent. For instance, traditional Ethernet imposes a maximum size for IP packets of 1500 bytes. If a packet that is about to be sent over an Ethernet link is bigger than that, the router which is about to send the packet over that link will fragment the packet. What this means is that the router will split the packet up into smaller messages (known as fragments) that are each small enough to be transmitted over the link. When the fragments arrive at their destination (the computer to which they are being sent), that computer can reassemble the fragments to recover the original message - assuming none of the messages are lost in transit. IP version 4 also has a "don't fragment" option which tells routers to not fragment packets that have that option set. If this option is set, and the router wants to send the packet over a link for which the packet is too large, the router will not send the packet at all. Instead, the router will send a message back to the sender of the packet that was too large. The sending computer can then respond to this by sending out smaller packets. This is known as "path MTU discovery" because it enables the sending computer to determine the largest packet size that will work for the path between sender and receiver. (MTU stands for maximum transmission unit.) For best efficiency the sending computer would like to send out packets that are as large as possible, but not so large that any of the packets will be fragmented. Fragmentation is of dubious value because it slows down routers, and because none of the fragments will be useful to the receiver computer unless all of the fragments arrive there intact. Path MTU discovery is generally considered preferable to fragmentation. However there are problems with Path MTU discovery. One is that many sites (for no good reason) filter the messages that are sent back to the senders when a packet is too large for a link. Another is that path MTU discovery is inefficient for short conversations consisting of just a packet or two in each direction. Yet another problem is that the path between sender and receiver can change during a conversation in a way that renders the old path MTU obsolete. Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is in the process of being supplanted by Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6). In IPv6, routers do not fragment packets, and path MTU discovery is mandatory.
What is an router?
router is a device which finds best possible path for the data to transfer from host to destination.................it provide shortest and clearest path for the data
Data can travel any path to the destination?
packet switching
When devices send packets to destinations not on their segment what actions must the router take?
The router must determine if it has a path to another network or router that may be in the path of the destination. When that occurs, it tries to find the "best path" (least cost) route to the destination. It has to consult its routing tables for that.
When a host on network A sends a message to a host on network B which address does the router look at?
When a host on network A sends a message to a host on network B, the router looks at the destination IP address in the packet’s header to determine where to forward the message. This IP address is used to identify the specific network and host within that network. The router uses its routing table to decide the best path for the packet based on this destination IP address. The MAC address is not used for routing between different networks, as it only applies to the local network segment.
