Then the same side of the Earth would always be directed at the Moon. In this case, from some parts of Earth, the Moon would always be above the horizon; from other parts, it would never be visible.
It's impossible to see Earth rise from the surface of the moon, since the moon is tidally locked in Earth's orbit.
No, the distance of earth from the sun is independent of day length which has to do with the rotational rate of the earth about its axis, except under extreme cases. If the earth where sufficiently close to the sun it would become tidally locked meaning that the same side of the earth would always face the sun. This is the case with mercury which is tidally locked with the sun and the moon which is tidally locked with the earth. The size of the orbit does however determine the length of an earth year. Being the earth's orbit is very nearly circular I will refer to it as a circle for clarity. A smaller circle means a shorter year (ie less time to make a complete trip around the sun often referred to as an orbital period) and a larger circle means a longer year.
If it were tidally locked, night and day would not exist and the temperature difference between the light side and the dark side would be much more, perhaps enough to boil off the oceans. If it were near a red dwarf, it would depend on the size of the orbit. Since the star would be much smaller than the Sun, the orbit would have to be a lot smaller to allow a similar power density at the Earth's surface. That might mean a much shorter year.
Tidal locking refers to when an object in orbit around another object always has the same face pointing towards the planet - the time taken for one rotation of the body would therefore be the same time that it takes to orbit once around the object that it is tidally locked to. This does not occur by chance, the irregular mass distribution of an orbiting body will cause it to become tidally locked over time, but further back in time it may have spun at a different rate. One example of a tidally locked object is our moon. It is tidally locked to the earth, meaning that the same face always faces the earth. It is thought that this may have not always been the case but has happened over time. Other moons in our solar system are also locked to their planets. In some cases, both object may eventually become tidally locked to each other, two objects in orbit about one another may reach a state where they both always have the same face directed at each other.
The moon is tidally locked with the earth. The reason is that the moon is slightly heavier on one side than the other. Due to tidal friction, the moon's rotation (with respect to earth) would have gradually slowed over the eons, so that eventually it would lock in resonance with the earth. The moon probably became tidally locked more than a billion years ago, long before any life on earth evolved eyes. Therefore the distant side of the moon remained unknown until we sent orbiters around it to snap photos. I believe the Russians succeeded at this first.
From the moon ... not really, because the moon is tidally locked. At some locations on the moon it would look like "Earthrise", but it would never actually rise, it would just kind of bob up and down on the horizon very slowly (about a month for a full cycle).
Presumably the question is about the Earth's rotation stopping. Eventually, the Earth WILL almost stop rotating on its axis and will become "tidally locked" with the Moon. Then the Earth Moon system will rotate with each facing the other, in "synchronous rotation". At that time and ignoring other things that might happen first, The Earth would no longer have tides. If you want to be really "picky" the Earth would still be rotating very slowly, in that scenario. If the Earth's rotation could stop completely, there would be some (very slow) tides. Also, there would still be a very small effect caused by the Sun.
Yes... sort of. The reason for the qualification there is that it's a little more complicated than that, and it partially depends on what you mean by "not spinning". If the Earth were tidally locked with the Sun, the Sun would not appear to rise or set; it would remain in pretty much the same place in the sky. However, in that case the Earth would still be "spinning" ... it's just that its periods of rotation and revolution would be the same. If the Earth were not spinning at all, the STARS would not appear to rise and set, but the Sun would rise and set once (each) per year. The Moon is a separate issue. The fact that the Moon revolves around the Earth means that it will rise and set regardless of whether the Earth spins or not unless the Earth were tidally locked with the Moon. Again, in that case the Earth would be spinning, but each "day" would be about a month long, and the Sun would rise and set 12 or 13 times (each) per year.
Yes, the moon turns. The moon rotates once on its axis during one revolution around the earth. If it did not rotate, then we would be able to see the entire surface of the moon from earth. The moon is 'tidally locked' with the earth, which is why its period of rotation is the same as its period of revolution.
We would all be dead. There is a good chance that we would be tidally locked. Also most red dwarfs emit their light as infrared, not visible and are very variable in their output.
The earth does not move. It rotates on its axis. It does this for many reasons. If the earth didn't rotate, there would be no day or night. As the Earth turns on its axis, each part of the planet gets a chance to face the Sun and be warmed in a relatively short period of time. You could get a situation where there's no rotation. In this case, a day would take an entire year, and it would only happen because of the Earth's orbit around the sun - Earth wouldn't actually be turning in space. You could get another situation, where the Earth was tidally locked to the Sun, and the rotation was the same length of time as the year. In this case, Earth would always show the same face to the Sun - half the planet would be frozen, and the other half would be hot. Fortunately, the Earth does rotate, giving us days every 24 hours. From: see related links.
As viewed from the Moon, the Earth doesn't move much; it "wobbles" a little in the sky. The Moon is tidally locked to the Earth, with the same side of the Moon pointing at the Earth. The "wobble" is due to the Moon's elliptical orbit around the Earth; the Moon is moving faster in its orbit at perigee than at apogee, and the appearance is that the Earth moves a little back and forth in the lunar skies.