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a characters thoughts and feelings is called direct characterization
The temptation to attribute human thoughts, feelings, and motives to animals is called the anthropomorphic fallacy. If this actually happens, it's called anthropomorphism.
Kitty is Anne Frank's diary, which she refers to as her "dearest friend" in her diary entries. It's where she records her thoughts, feelings, and experiences during her time hiding from the Nazis in Amsterdam.
Writing that follows the thoughts or feelings of the writer is called subjective writing. It often includes personal experiences, opinions, and emotions.
Personal essay
In Act 1 Scene 7 of Macbeth, when Macbeth is alone and speaking his thoughts out loud, this is called a soliloquy. It is a dramatic device used to reveal a character's innermost thoughts and feelings to the audience.
A book in which you record your daily thoughts would be called a journal. If you just record your scheduled activities for the day, it would be called an appointment calendar.
It is called conformity. This is the tendency to adjust one's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors in ways that are in agreement with group norms or expectations.
This is called third-person omniscient point of view. The narrator has knowledge of the thoughts and feelings of all characters in the story.
the process itself is called "characterization".
The inability to consider the perspective of others is called egocentrism. This is when a person is primarily focused on their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences without adequately taking into account the viewpoints of others.
That narrative device is called an "interior monologue." It allows the audience to gain insight into a character's inner thoughts and feelings that may not be expressed verbally.