For certain limited uses covered by fair use or fair dealing, no permission is required; otherwise, you can legally make copies if you have permisison from the copyright holder. Unfortunately there is never a straight answer on what uses are fair; fairness is only decided in court.
Not legally, unless you own the copyright or have obtained a license from the copyright owner.
You are legally allowed to make copies for your own use of any copyrighted material you own, so long as you do not distribute the material. In some cases, donating originals after making copies for yourself may be considered as distribution.
Yes, as "literary works," at least to the extent they contain original, copyrightable expression and are not simply copies of other non-copyrightable material. Non-copyrightable materials include works of US government, works for which copyright was never available or which has expired, facts, ideas, inventions, words or phrases, names, and so forth.
Federal Copyright Act of 1976
Fair use, or fair dealing.
J. H. Spoor has written: 'Copies in Copyright (Monographs on Industrial Property & Copyright Law)' 'Scripta manent' -- subject(s): Reproduction of money, documents, Law and legislation, Copyright 'Copies in copyright' -- subject(s): Photocopying, Fair use (Copyright)
I'm not aware of any legal means of viewing popular manga on-line. Just because you can find it on-line does not make it legal anymore than being able to download music on-line would automatically make it legal. Generally the only way to legally obtain popular manga legally is to either import it from Japan in its native language, or find localized copies through companies like Viz here in the US. Both of these cost money and are for hard copies only, not for on-line material. Essentially all "fan translated" material you find on-line is illegal. (Copyright violation)
The libretto of the film and stage musical Oliver is only legally available for hire. Any fan made or pirate website copies are contravening copyright laws. The libretto is available for hire from the copyright holder Tams-Witmark at the URL I have posted at the bottom of the page.
reproduction for purposes of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research
If you legally own a product you are allowed to make a "back up" copy for personal use. However unless your copies would qualify as "back up" or "fair use" no you can't legally duplicate a copyrighted product. It would be an infringement of the original authors' rights to control duplication and creation of derivatives of their work.
Because it does not include an examination process (as for patents), even a formal registration is not incontrovertible proof of copyright. The UK's IP office sums it up excellently:Note that neither registration nor sending a copy of the work to yourself show that you were the creator of the work. Keeping copies of all your drafts and any other material that shows your connection with the particular copyright material as you develop it could, however, be useful evidence if you ever have to prove that you are the author.
The correct answer is copyright violations.