The subject must be narrowed down in order to receive a more specific answer.
However - if by 'rulings,' you mean adjudications - they are issued only after the court has heard all of the facts of a case.
Other instances of courts issuing rulings might include; on points of law - on the admissibility of evidence or testimony - on objections - on motions - etc.
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Lower courts do not department from precedents, they must follow the rulings of higher courts. Lateral courts have precedent that is not binding and does not have to be followed.
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majority opinion
(in the US) If you are referring to the Governor of a state - no, they cannot. The Governor is part of the Executive Branch of government not the Judicial Branch, therefore they cannot issue legal rulings.
The types of rulings are to uphold ,or keep the original decision made by the district court , reverse the district court's decision , or remand the case.
The source of rulings in the Circuit Courts of Appeal is the United States Constitution. All matters before the court are weighed against the rulings but forth by the United States Constitution. There is also precedence to consider. A court case might also be judged on what previous cases came before that were similar.
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Congress, but the courts can change the law through rulings.
U.S. Marshals Service
no
The Supreme Court reviews the rulings of the lower Federal Courts. They hear cases that they grant certiorary to typically related to Constitutional law. Their rulings are the official Federal interpretation of the law.