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Originally, there was no-one called a priest in Christianity. There were priests in the temple of Judaism, but after the temple was destroyed in AD 70, there were no more priests. Similarly, since the Christians did not sacrifice in a temple, there was no need for a priest.

As a title, "priest" was carried over from the traditional Greco-Roman religions. It was a title added to those already existing roles in the Church, bishop (or overseer), presbyter, and deacon, which are all mentioned in the New Testament. Those who held these offices were now also called priests, and certain roles in the Church were given to them exclusively, in particular, leading Holy Communion.

This probably happened in the second century AD, and certainly was in place by the third century AD.

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