That happens in an "eclipsing binary".
That's an 'eclipsing binary'.
This phenomenon is known as an occultation, where a celestial body passes in front of and blocks the light from another body, such as a planet or star. It can be used to study the atmosphere, structure, and characteristics of both objects involved. Scientists can measure the timing, duration, and changes in light during occultations to gather valuable information about the bodies involved.
Variable star
Periodic variable.
An exoplanet would best be identified by a periodic Doppler shift in a star's spectrum, known as the radial velocity method, along with a dip in the star's light intensity, indicating a planetary transit. When an exoplanet orbits its star, it causes a detectable Doppler shift in the star's light due to its gravitational pull and blocks a portion of the star's light when it transits in front of it.
When the moon blocks the sun's light, or the Earth blocks the light from the sun that strikes the moon, it's called an eclipse. For an arbitrary body passing in front of another one, the term astronomers usually use is "occultation".
"Occulting binary". The word "occult" means hidden or in shadows; if a binary star's orbital plane happens to be exactly through the Earth's path, we might see two stars when they're separate and then see one of the stars disappear behind (or in front of) the other.
A star that dims every three days would likely be a binary star system. Such a system consists of two stars that orbit their mutual center of mass. If their orientation is right then, from out perspective, one star will periodically block the other from view, reducing the amount of light we see from them.
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The magnitude difference between the two stars is 2.5 * log(40) = 4.0 magnitudes.
That is called the absolute magnitude. It is a measure of the star's real brightness. Apart from the distance (10 parsec), another (implicit) assumption is that there is nothing in between that reduces the star's light.
There are two ways you can tell if a star may have a planet around it. One way is that the star would have a slight wobble in its motion across our sky. This is caused by the planet's gravitational pull on the star which would cause a slight movement or shift in its alignment. More easily detectable by modern telescopes would be a periodic reduction in the level of light coming from the star. The key is the period in which the light reduction occurs, which would offer a clue as to the period of the orbit of the planet around the star as it blocks light during its orbit.