A few days after she's given birth to a calf.
With lots and lots of money to invest in land, capital (buildings, equipment, etc.), and cows. You have to build the buildings, get the feed in and put in water sources first before you purchase your first cows. Once you purchase your cows, you can begin the cycle of dairy production.
There is no "other" name. Dairy cows are dairy cows, no matter how you look at it, particularly in reference to mature females that are raised for the production of milk.
Oestrous is when the cow shows "heat" meaning she is ready to be bred.
Cow & Gate is based in the United Kingdom. Cow and Gate is a dairy product company; which expanded into bottled milk, distribution, and baby food production.
A cow. Or, if you want to go into specifics, a dairy cow.
Yes, when they are to old to breed and the milk production drops off they are eaten. Smaller (family) dairies usually care more about their cows and will sometimes give a cow a year off if she is normally a good milker, but eventually she will have to be replaced by a younger cow. On occasion a favored cow may be turned out to field and retained as a farm pet or mascot. That is if it is a small grass based dairy and not a confinement dairy operation.
Yes, but for best milk production yearly breeding is advised.
It gives more milk than what it would normally produce for its calf. That's what constitutes a cow for being a dairy cow.
The dairy cow.
Dairy
That all depends on the breed. Are you asking about a dairy cow or a beef cow, and what breed of dairy or beef cow?
Udder size is heritable, yes. This is quantified by milk production: as we've seen in dairy cows, the larger the udder the more milk a cow will (or should) produce.